Caribbean Capital Markets Outlook 2024

Caribbean Capital

Caribbean Capital Markets 2024 

By Adam Greenfader, Chair of AG&T and Amanda Staerker, Luxury Development Specialist. 

Background

AG&T recently brought together a group of leading capital experts to discuss the Caribbean capital markets outlook for 2024. The conversation was a closed door session with the names of the participants withheld in order to insure confidentiality. Some of the companies in attendance include CBRE Capital Markets Group, Sion Capital, Greystone, Glide Capital, Regions Bank , Crowdstreet, Citigroup, Ocean Bank, GG Capital Group, Driftwood Capital, Harbour Capital Partners, EnCapital, Ranger Alternative Management, Optimum Bank, and Mullen Capital. 

Historic Money Tightening 

The U.S. Federal Reserve in 2023 embarked on one of the most aggressive tightening of monetary policies in recent history. The goal was to curtail aggregate demand. The policy was highly successful as growth slowed more than half from 4.9% in Q3 to 2.1% in Q4. While this deceleration in growth should dampen inflation, the consensus about the effects of the tight U.S. monetary policy on the Caribbean in 2024 was mixed.

The Cost of Capital

The good news is that new construction deals are still getting done in the Caribbean. The bad news, is that the cost of capital is going-up. During the conversation, several recent term sheets were discussed, with the group agreeing that a typical hotel construction loan in 2024 might have an 11.5% interest rate with a 55% loan to cost. 

Stronger Sponsors and Guarantees

As rates are going up, Caribbean financial institutions also seem to be seeking stronger sponsors and guarantees. The group felt that working with known sponsors was a top priority. In other words, developers that have experience in the Caribbean region with the specific product type. More importantly, there was ample talk about creating multiple layers of capital protection. This includes full recourse loans (i.e., personal guarantees) as well robust completion guarantees and bonds. One participant was quoted as saying, “we are looking for every single type of guarantee possible today.”

Land Lift is Dead

Lenders seem to only want to underwrite the original cash basis of the land today and not give the sponsor any credit for the increased value.

Condo-hotel Presales

On the hospitality side, one participant mentioned that they like to see condo-hotel projects because pre-sales can mitigate risk. In addition to demonstrating market acceptance, condo-hotel presales reduce the overall total capital requirements. The discussed presale requirements varied from 35%-65% of the total project.

Syndication of Loans and Risk Bifurcation

As lenders seek to mitigate risk, Caribbean capital sources are taking smaller bites of the proverbial capital stack. On the debt side, hotel deals are getting done by bifurcating or dividing the loan into parts. It is common in today’s market for banks to be syndicating their loans or splitting them up with other financial institutions. One of the participants mentioned that they recently closed a 200-million dollar hospitality construction loan by dividing the loan into two parts: capital for the hotel and a separate debt instrument for the condo-hotel uses.

Mission Driven Projects

While there is a general slowdown of construction lending in general, mission driven developments still are attractive. Mission driven developments can be defined as projects or locations that have unique stories to tell. Below are the four of the top mission driven locations: 

1. Mexico, the group discussed how “Near-Shoring” is driving massive investment in industrial facilities from international companies such as Tesla that want to be closer to the U.S. This includes significant involvement from the Chinese. One of the participants stated, “there is 10x the amount of capital for every opportunity in Northern Mexico today”.

2. Guayana, mentioned as “the fastest growing economy in whole word”, the rush to build hospitality is palpable. Lack of supply is so limited in the capital of Georgetown for example, that older assets like the Marriott is getting ADRs upwards of $450 per night. There was caution, however, if with new supply that rates would hold into the future.

3. Costa Rica continues to provide amazing lifestyle offerings with its “blue economy” however while there is much interest to finance projects in this location, identifying truly “shovel ready projects” seemed to be a top of mind concern for some of the participants.

4. Puerto Rico was highlighted by many as being the “safest and most lucrative hospitality market in the Caribbean today.” There was a general agreement that the U.S. island of Puerto Rico currently has very low supply of inventory (tourism GDP is at 6.75%) as well some very lucrative tax incentives under act 74. “In Puerto Rico, you get a 40% tax credit that you can sell, there is no other place in the Caribbean that gives you that kind of IRR boost”, quoted a major hotel investor.

Conclusion

During normal times, the Caribbean region is generally a challenge. The region is highly regulated and has a low risk tolerance from traditional lending. Today, the fear caused by the 2023 bank failures and new capital regulations under the Basel III agreements, should force traditional banks to hold more cash reserves. It was suggested that there is approximately 1 trillion dollars of U.S. commercial paper that will be coming due in the next 12-24 months. There was concern from the group that if interest rates remain at current levels, many borrowers will have to make-up their interest reserves with new equity. One banker in the group, who recently underwrote their entire portfolio stated, “I am not sure how many projects will be able to come to the table with more money.” There is hope, however, for the Fed’s recent announcement of three rates cuts in 2024. 

So, while many financial institutions have put their pencils down, other groups are proceeding cautiously today in the Caribbean. There is a consensus that there will be new opportunities in the future for private capital, family offices, private debt funds, and fintech to fill the 2024 Caribbean capital stack.

About AG&T 

AG&T is a real estate development and consulting company based in Miami, Florida with a track record that spans over 52 real estate projects in Puerto Rico, the Caribbean, Central America, and the United States. Core services include Hospitality Development, Investment Sales, Strategic Planning, and Capital Advisory (Equity | Debt). www.agandt.com

Caribbean Hospitality Summit Draws Record Numbers

The Caribbean’s Hospitality Renaissance:

 

For decades, the Caribbean has been recognized as one of the world’s premier tourism destinations. Today, it is emerging as one of the most compelling regions for hospitality investment, infrastructure development, and long-term capital deployment. At the center of that transformation is Puerto Rico—a market whose financial renaissance is helping redefine investment across the Caribbean.

At AG&T, we have had the privilege of participating in that evolution for more than three decades.

As a Caribbean real estate development and capital advisory firm, our mission extends well beyond individual transactions. We have worked to strengthen the economic ties between Puerto Rico, the U.S. mainland, and the broader Caribbean by bringing together developers, lenders, institutional investors, hospitality brands, family offices, government agencies, and industry leaders. We believe that successful hospitality markets are built on relationships, collaboration, and confidence in long-term investment.

This philosophy has guided AG&T’s partnerships with organizations such as the Puerto Rico Builders Association, the Urban Land Institute, Bisnow, hospitality conferences, investment forums, and numerous public and private initiatives designed to showcase the Caribbean as a world-class destination for investment as well as tourism.

One such milestone was the Puerto Rico Builders Association’s conference, where AG&T organized and moderated a discussion on the future of development finance featuring senior executives from FirstBank, the Economic Development Bank of Puerto Rico, and Acrecent Financial. While the conversation centered on financing new construction, it reflected something much larger: Puerto Rico’s financial sector was entering a new era, creating opportunities not only for the island, but for hospitality and real estate investment throughout the Caribbean.

Looking back today, that conversation marked the beginning of a broader transformation.

Puerto Rico has emerged from years of fiscal restructuring with renewed financial stability, strengthened institutions, and a growing ecosystem of capital providers. Traditional banks have returned to construction lending, private credit has expanded, institutional investors are increasingly active, and billions of dollars in federal investment have accelerated infrastructure modernization. Together, these developments have created one of the strongest investment environments the island has experienced in decades.

The implications extend far beyond Puerto Rico.

Hospitality has always been one of the Caribbean’s most important economic engines. Across the region, demand for luxury resorts, branded residences, mixed-use destinations, marinas, wellness communities, and experiential travel continues to grow. Meeting that demand requires sophisticated capital markets, experienced development partners, and trusted financial institutions.

Puerto Rico’s financial resurgence is helping create that foundation.

As capital markets mature and investor confidence grows, the island increasingly serves as a gateway for institutional investment into the Caribbean. International hotel brands, private equity firms, family offices, lenders, and developers are viewing the region with renewed optimism, supported by stronger financial structures and improved access to capital.

At AG&T, we have worked to help build those connections.

Through partnerships with organizations such as Bisnow, the Urban Land Institute, the Puerto Rico Builders Association, and numerous hospitality and investment organizations, we have organized conferences, investor forums, educational programs, and networking events that connect mainland U.S. capital with Caribbean opportunities. These initiatives are designed not simply to promote projects, but to foster meaningful dialogue between investors, public officials, hospitality leaders, financial institutions, and developers.

Our objective has remained remarkably consistent: position Puerto Rico and the Caribbean as globally competitive destinations for investment, innovation, and sustainable economic growth.

The Caribbean hospitality sector is entering a defining period. Record tourism, expanding airlift, increasing demand for luxury accommodations, resilient infrastructure, and growing interest from global investors are reshaping the region’s development landscape. At the same time, public-private partnerships, innovative financing structures, and collaborative leadership are creating opportunities that would have been difficult to imagine only a decade ago.

Economic transformation does not occur in isolation. It is the product of sustained collaboration among governments, financial institutions, developers, investors, and industry organizations that share a common vision.

Puerto Rico’s financial renaissance is strengthening not only the island’s economy, but also the future of Caribbean hospitality.

At AG&T, we are proud to continue serving as a bridge between Caribbean opportunity and global capital—helping build the relationships that will shape the region’s next generation of hospitality and real estate development.

Creating a Forum for Caribbean Thought Leadership: The First ULI Caribbean Roundtable

Creating a Forum for Caribbean Thought Leadership: The First ULI Caribbean Roundtable

 

Great ideas rarely emerge in isolation. They are born through conversation, collaboration, and the willingness to bring together people with different perspectives to solve shared challenges.

That belief inspired the launch of the ULI Caribbean Roundtable, an initiative created to establish a regular forum where leaders from across the Caribbean real estate, hospitality, finance, planning, and development industries could exchange ideas and discuss the opportunities shaping the region’s future.

Chaired by Adam Greenfader, Chairman of AG&T and then Chair of the ULI Southeast Florida/Caribbean Council, the inaugural Roundtable brought together a diverse group of developers, investors, architects, financial advisors, and industry leaders committed to advancing thoughtful, sustainable growth throughout the Caribbean.

Among the featured speakers were:

  • Emilio Colón Zavala, President, Puerto Rico Builders Association

  • Ricardo Álvarez-Díaz, Founder and CEO, Álvarez-Díaz & Villalón (AD&V)

  • Robbie Karver, Ernst & Young (EY), Hospitality Advisory

The event was made possible through the collaboration of the Urban Land Institute Southeast Florida/Caribbean District Council and its outstanding leadership team, whose commitment helped establish what would become an ongoing series of conversations focused on the future of Caribbean development.

A Region Entering a New Chapter

The discussion took place during a pivotal moment for the Caribbean.

Only two years after Hurricanes Irma and Maria, the region was rebuilding with renewed optimism while simultaneously attracting increased interest from institutional investors, global hotel brands, and international developers.

Despite recent challenges, the panel shared a remarkably optimistic outlook.

  1. Tourism fundamentals remained strong.
  2. Airlift continued to expand.
  3. Hotel occupancy was recovering rapidly.
  4. Luxury travel demand remained resilient.
  5. Most importantly, investors continued to believe in the long-term strength of the Caribbean hospitality market.

 

Key Themes That Continue to Shape the Region

Several observations made during the Roundtable remain remarkably relevant today.

Access Drives Investment

The panel agreed that air connectivity remains one of the most important drivers of tourism and hospitality investment.

Destinations with strong international airlift continue to outperform, creating greater confidence among developers, lenders, hotel operators, and institutional investors.

The Caribbean Is Maturing

Rather than being viewed as a collection of isolated resort destinations, the Caribbean has increasingly evolved into a sophisticated investment market offering diverse opportunities across hospitality, branded residences, mixed-use development, marinas, logistics, and infrastructure.

This maturation has attracted increasingly sophisticated sources of capital seeking long-term investment opportunities.

Puerto Rico’s Competitive Position

The discussion also highlighted Puerto Rico’s unique advantages.

Federal disaster recovery funding, Opportunity Zones, tourism incentives, and the island’s attractive tax framework were already positioning Puerto Rico for renewed investment.

Many of those early observations have since materialized, with Puerto Rico experiencing record tourism performance, significant hospitality investment, and growing institutional interest.

Resilience Creates Value

One of the most encouraging conclusions reached during the Roundtable was that resilience does not necessarily reduce investment returns.

Developers increasingly recognized that resilient design, stronger construction standards, and sustainable planning can enhance long-term asset performance while reducing future risk.

Today, resilience has become a central component of hospitality development throughout the Caribbean.

Building More Than Conversations

Looking back, the greatest achievement of the Caribbean Roundtable was not any single discussion.

It was the creation of an ongoing community.

Over the following years, the Roundtable welcomed leaders from organizations including Hilton, CBRE Hotels, IDB Invest, Discover Puerto Rico, Apple Leisure Group, Sculptor Real Estate, major financial institutions, developers, architects, government agencies, and global investors.

Each conversation expanded the dialogue around the issues shaping Caribbean development—from hospitality and branded residences to climate resilience, institutional capital, infrastructure, manufacturing, tourism, and public-private partnerships.

AG&T’s Perspective

For AG&T, organizing the Caribbean Roundtable reflected a long-standing philosophy.

Economic development begins by bringing people together.

Throughout our history, we have sought to connect government leaders, investors, developers, hotel brands, universities, planners, architects, financial institutions, and entrepreneurs around one common objective: creating a stronger, more resilient Caribbean.

The Roundtable became one of many platforms through which those conversations could occur.

Today, those discussions continue to influence the way we think about hospitality, resilience, investment, and sustainable development across the region.

Because while individual projects may define skylines, it is collaboration that ultimately shapes the future of communities.

Puerto Rico’s Turning Point: Looking Beyond the Crisis

In 2018, less than a year after Hurricanes Irma and Maria devastated Puerto Rico, the headlines focused almost exclusively on destruction, migration, and uncertainty.

At AG&T, we saw something different. While acknowledging the immense humanitarian and economic challenges facing the island, we believed Puerto Rico was entering a period of profound transformation. The combination of federal reconstruction funding, economic reform, tax incentives, private investment, and long-overdue infrastructure modernization created the foundation for what could become one of the island’s most significant economic renaissances in decades.

That perspective was featured in an interview with Bisnow South Florida, where Adam Greenfader discussed Puerto Rico’s long-term outlook, the rebuilding process, and why the island’s greatest opportunities still lay ahead.

Several of the themes discussed in the interview have proven remarkably accurate. Puerto Rico experienced one of the largest reconstruction efforts in modern U.S. history, supported by tens of billions of dollars in federal investment for housing, infrastructure, utilities, schools, healthcare facilities, and resilience projects.

  • Tourism reached record levels.
  • Luxury hospitality investment accelerated.
  • New residents, entrepreneurs, family offices, technology companies, and investment funds relocated to the island, strengthening sectors ranging from real estate and finance to life sciences and technology.

The discussion also anticipated the growing importance of Puerto Rico’s tax incentive programs, Opportunity Zones, and the island’s role as a gateway between the United States, Latin America, and the Caribbean.

At the same time, many of the challenges identified remain part of Puerto Rico’s ongoing conversation, including housing affordability, infrastructure modernization, energy resilience, insurance costs, population dynamics, and creating economic growth that benefits all Puerto Ricans.

AG&T’s Perspective

For more than three decades, AG&T has believed that Puerto Rico’s future extends far beyond disaster recovery. The island possesses exceptional long-term advantages, including its strategic location, U.S. legal and financial framework, highly educated bilingual workforce, manufacturing base, expanding hospitality sector, and unique tax and investment incentives.

Our work has consistently focused on helping connect these strengths with responsible private investment while promoting resilient, sustainable, and inclusive economic development.

The interview below captures an important moment in Puerto Rico’s history when rebuilding was just beginning and the island’s future remained uncertain.

Looking back today, it serves as a reminder that meaningful transformation often begins long before the results become visible.

The following article originally appeared in Bisnow South Florida and is reproduced here with permission/summary for historical context.

Puerto Rico After The Hurricanes: Investors And Bitcoin Cowboys Are Circling

By Deirdra Funcheon as Published in Bisnow South Florida

Puerto Rico has been desperate for aid that has been too slow and insufficient following hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017. But a few on the island say the attention followed might ultimately be a net positive for the commonwealth. “The bottom line is that Puerto Rico in the next two to three years is expected to see strong growth — 3 to 3.5% of GDP,” said Adam Greenfader, principal of Miami-based AG&T Development and Advisory Services. “It hasn’t had growth in 12 years. A depression is defined as negative economic growth for three quarters, so for all intents and purposes, Puerto Rico has been in a depression for 12 years.”

Greenfader married into a family that facilitates Section 8 housing throughout Puerto Rico. He then became a developer there himself. Currently, he serves as the liaison to the Puerto Rico Builders’ Association and the chair of the Urban Land Institute’s Caribbean Council. Greenfader points out that while last summer’s hurricanes devastated the commonwealth, jobs had already been scarce for more than a decade as the government faced a crippling debt crisis, owing $123B and declaring bankruptcy last spring. Though an estimated 150,000 Puerto Ricans fled to the U.S. mainland after the hurricanes, between 60,000 and 70,000 residents had already been leaving each year of the crisis. Puerto Rico’s current population is about 3.5 million, down from a peak of about 4 million, Greenfader said.

Turnaround efforts began years ago. Reforms enacted in 2012 enticed businesses and high net worth individuals to relocate to Puerto Rico by taxing corporate profits at a flat 4% and eliminating taxes on dividends, interest and capital gains for anyone who resided at least half the year in Puerto Rico. For anyone selling a company or large amounts of stock, these measures could result in saving millions of dollars on taxes. Famously, Putnam Bridge Funding CEO Nicholas Prouty invested more than $100M and relocated his family. Billionaire John Paulson bought several hotels. Michael E. Tennenbaum founded Caribbean Capital & Consultancy Corp. Goldman Sachs and various hedge funds moved in and bought distressed mortgages for pennies on the dollar. 

Greenfader said that about 1000 high net worth individuals moved to the island, and about 200 are coming each year. Cottage industries sprung up to cater to these ultra-wealthy.  Then last year’s hurricanes blew through, knocking out power and killing 64 people directly and 4,645 in total, according to Harvard University. Though the U.S. government responded painfully slowly, $18B in aid has been approved from the Department of Housing and Urban Development, and billions more are expected, Greenfader said.

Recovery is slow, but happening. Tesla built a solar array to power a children’s hospital. Doctors are being offered tax incentives to stay in Puerto Rico. Private insurance companies have started to pay claims, so 60% of hotels are now operational, Greenfader said. He believes that when the economy improves, exiles will move back. 

Publicity around the hurricanes certainly brought attention to the commonwealth. Immediately after the hurricanes, only about half of Americans knew that Puerto Rico was part of the United States; that number has since risen to 76%. Following the disaster, dozens of cryptocurrency entrepreneurs relocated to San Juan to buy hundreds of thousands of acres of land, take advantage of the tax structure and set up a “crypto utopia.” Greenfader suggested there is more opportunity for economic recovery: Puerto Rico’s tourism industry makes up only 6.5% of gross domestic product, whereas on many Caribbean islands, that figure is 50% or more. That is by design, he said; in the 1950s and ’60s, laws were structured to keep out the Mafiosos who ran Cuba. It could be increased substantially. 

Furthermore, the island has long had a mishmash system of collecting property taxes, partly because so many homes are built informally or illegally — “People get a paycheck, buy [a] few beers, invite their friends and family over to build a wall at a time,” Greenfader said — and partly because the tax code hasn’t been revised since 1950s. “A property worth a million dollars might pay no more than $2K, $3K in taxes for a year,” Greenfader said. A better system of collecting taxes could be implemented to make the government more solvent.  Although he is optimistic, Greenfader acknowledged the challenges.

While Puerto Rico is a diverse society, where rich and poor have long mixed freely, the influx of people taking advantage of the tax breaks is “adding an upper class the island never had before,” he said, and there has been some blowback. Workaday employees are facing pension cuts and austerity measures as Puerto Rico grapples with its debt. Currently, according to Democracy Now, 55,000 residents are in foreclosure and the government is turning to privatization as the solution for economic woes, which will enrich investors but hurt the working class. In a Bloomberg article Monday about the search for someone to buy the country’s beleaguered electric company, which goes so far as to ask potential buyers how they would like to be regulated, a Puerto Rico resident said, “We are tired of people coming here to get rich and take advantage of us.”  Some grass-roots organizations have taken shape to resist Wall Street — forces that author Naomi Klein explores in a new book, “The Battle for Paradise: Puerto Rico Takes On the Disaster Capitalists.”

Greenfader noted that insurance premiums will likely continue to rise, and the Jones Act, a shipping law that requires goods to stop in a mainland port, makes commodities expensive. Whatever economic policies prevail, at least new construction on the island should be more resilient. Greenfader said builders already adhere to codes that mirror Miami-Dade’s, which were made stronger after Hurricane Andrew in 1992. They use reinforced concrete and no wood. Going forward, he said, there is a commitment to using more sustainable designs, particularly in the energy space, such as solar power arrays and micro electric grids. Today, about 10,000 customers in Puerto Rico who lost electricity after last year’s hurricanes are still without power. 

Read more 

Adam Greenfader Named Chairman Florida Puerto Rico Builders Association

Adam Greenfader Named Chairman Florida Puerto Rico Builders Association

San Juan, Puerto Rico

Adam Greenfader was recently named Chairman of the Florida Liaison Committee of the Puerto Rico Builders Association (PR Builders Association). For over sixty years, the PR Builders Association has been the island’s leading professional construction and development group. The PR Builders is responsible for government lobbying and networking. The Builders Association consists of high-level professionals in the residential, hospitality, industrial and commercial sectors.

“We are honored to have Adam Greenfader chair this new committee. Mr. Greenfader has been part of our organization for many years, is a tested professional in both markets and has a wealth of knowledge that will be a great asset,” exclaims Arch. Ricardo Álvarez-Díaz, president of the Builders of Puerto Rico.

The Mission of the Florida Liaison Committee is to be a bridge between Florida and Puerto Rico. The goal is to support  builders, bankers, investors and other professionals. The committee aims to facilitate access to services, information, and key contacts. “Our goal is that the PR Builders Association is seen as a first and most important stop for anyone that wants to expand to either market,” says Adam Greenfader.

In the last couple of years, with the passing of laws 20 and 22, Puerto Rico has seen a significant increase of interest from companies and individuals from the US mainland. There are also great opportunities for Puerto Rican companies that want to export their services and products, and use Florida as a first stepping-stone.

The Florida Liaison team is in the process of developing key stakeholders relationships and organizing its events for 2016 in both Florida and Puerto Rico. If either you or your company is interested in participating, you may contact Mr. Adam Greenfader at adamgreenfader@gmail.com or call the Builders Association at 787.751.1471. Learn more about the Puerto Rico Builders association here. 

 

 

San Juan, Puerto Rico

Por más de sesenta años, la Asociación de Constructores ha sido el principal grupo profesional de construcción y desarrollo. Esta organización ha sido responsable de promover el intercambio de información entre desarrolladores, inversionistas, miembros asociados y profesionales, en el desarrollo y la construcción de Puerto Rico. La Asociación de Constructores consiste en profesionales de alto nivel en el sector residencial, hotelero, industrial y comercial.

“Nos sentimos honrados de tener a Adam Greenfader dirigiendo este comité. El Sr. Greenfader ha sido parte de nuestra organización por muchos años, y es un profesional con gran conocimiento de ambos mercados”, indica el Arq. Ricardo Álvarez-Díaz, presidente de la Asociación de Constructores de Hogares.

La misión del Comité de Enlace de la Florida es la de ser un puente entre la Florida y Puerto Rico, apoyando y anudando lazos y relaciones entre constructores, banqueros, inversionistas y otros profesionales en ambos países. El objetivo del comité es facilitar el acceso a servicios, información y contactos claves. “Nuestra meta es que la Asociación de Constructores de Puerto Rico sea vista como el primer y más importante paso para la persona y/o empresa que desee expandir su negocio a cualquiera de estos mercados”, explica Adam Greenfader.

Durante los últimos años, Puerto Rico ha visto un aumento significativo en el interés de empresas e individuos del continente de los Estados Unidos con la implementación de las leyes 20 y 22. Existen además, grandes oportunidades para empresas puertorriqueñas que deseen exportar sus servicios y productos. Éstos ven a la Florida como un buen primer paso.

El equipo del Comité de Enlace de la Florida está en proceso de desarrollar relaciones profesionales y organizar sus eventos para el 2016 en Florida y Puerto Rico. De estar interesado en ser parte del comité, puede contactar al Sr. Greenfader por correo electrónico adamgreenfader@gmail.com o llamar a la Asociación de Constructores al 787.751.1471.